Wildlife Disease and Human Health

Last Sunday the New York Times published an opinion piece on the unheralded impacts of wildlife disease on human health. It does not contain any information that will be news to the average state wildlife biologist, but it is rare that this sort of information is communicated to the general public in a calm, reasoned way.

The piece is by Simon Anthony, a molecular virologist at the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health and is occasioned by a study by the International Livestock Research Institute.

The great quote: “Disease, it turns out, is largely an environmental issue.”

Read it, here.

Unsolved Mystery: Frog Abnormalities

On an August day 17 years ago, eight Minnesota junior high school students on a field trip caught 22 frogs in a farm pond. At least half of the frogs had some abnormality, mostly in their hind legs. The conscientious teacher reported the group’s finding to the state. Dutiful state scientists surveyed wetlands across Minnesota and found at least one hotspot of frog abnormality in every county in the state.

What have we learned about frog abnormalities in the last 17 years? Quite a bit, actually. There appear to be several causes, and sometimes the causes pile up to create a high rate of abnormalities. The causes also seem to vary by region.

Here’s a comprehensive overview of the situation in Minnesota from Minnesota Public Radio. You can read or listen, here.

Vermont also experienced a high rate of frog abnormalities back in 1995, but the interpretation there is a bit different than it is in Minnesota.

Read this article from The Outside Story, a syndicated nature column, about frog abnormalities in Vermont, which includes a nod to the lack of abnormalities in New Hampshire. Read it here.

Are you finding abnormal frogs? A fantastic resource for state biologists evaluating frog abnormalities is the Field Guide to Malformations of Frogs and Toads (with Radiographic Interpretations) by Carol Meteyer of the US Geological Survey’s National Wildlife Health Center.

Find the 20-page PDF here, including lots of photos and x-rays (aka radiographs).

Photo: Frog with abnormality, by David Hoppe, courtesy of US Geological Survey

New Bat Rule In NH

Bats in the barn? A new rule in New Hampshire says that they can’t be removed between May 15 and August 15, when bats are typically raising their young. If a bat has tested positive for rabies, then special permission to exclude the bats will be given.

The rule only applies to unoccupied structures.

“This rule helps protect our remaining bat populations during the time when they are raising young,” said New Hampshire Fish and Game Department Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program biologist Emily Brunkhurst in a department press release. “While this measure is certainly helpful, we strongly urge people to avoid evicting bats from any structure, occupied or otherwise, during the summer months. Our bats are in big trouble, and, this is something concrete you can do to help them survive.”

The problem, of course, is white nose syndrome, which has reduced the populations of five out of New Hampshire’s eight bat species. Little brown bat populations have declined 99 percent, the release says.

The press release also notes that white nose syndrome has been detected in Rockingham County, in the southeastern corner of the state, near Boston, Mass.

The press release includes many interesting details about white nose syndrome in NH, and is worth reading just for that. Read it here.

Photo: Long-eared bats have been hit hard by WNS in New Hampshire. Courtesy New Hampshire Fish and Game Department.

Red Foxes and Lyme Disease

When it comes to Lyme disease, we tend to blame the deer. The ticks that carry Lyme disease are called deer ticks, aren’t they? But a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences says that its more productive to look at red foxes — the lack of red foxes — when looking for causes for the increase in Lyme disease.

While white-tailed deer are host to the adult ticks, young ticks favor small mammals such as mice. When coyotes move in, red fox numbers are reduced. And the foxes are more effective at catching mice than coyotes are. With coyotes in the neighborhood there are more mice, more hosts for the young deer ticks, and more Lyme disease all around.

Read the paper in PNAS, here. (Subscription or fee required. The abstract is free.)
Or read the University of California at Santa Cruz press release, here.
Finally, there is a Science News report on the paper, here.

Photo: Jim Thiele, courtesy US Fish and Wildlife Service

 

Study of California Gray Squirrels

At first they were, like gray squirrels almost everywhere in the US, abundant to the point of being a nuisance, especially to people with bird feeders. Then they were gone, or almost so. When mange struck the gray squirrels of the San Bernardino Mountains in California, people noticed, particularly in the past year.

While the cause is known, a new study by the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California Fish and Game Wildlife Investigations Lab and California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab will delve into when and how of the population crash.

The study will rely heavily on reports from citizens in the area.

Read this newspaper article on the study in the Crestline Courier-News.
Or visit the study’s website, here.

Photo: A healthy gray squirrel, courtesy of the California Department of Fish and Game

Fungus, But No WNS Symptoms in Iowa Cave

On Wednesday, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources announced that a low level of the fungus that causes white nose syndrome was found on one of the 15 bats swabbed this winter at a tourist cave run by the state. None of the bats seen in the cave appeared to have symptoms of white nose syndrome.

According to the Iowa DNR release, to prevent the fungus from spreading to other caves, “the DNR will be adding mats with disinfection solution that people will walk across after leaving the caves….”

Read the Iowa DNR press release here.
Read an article in the Kansas City InfoZone, here.

The InfoZone story includes a criticism of Iowa DNR by the Center for BioDiversity for keeping the cave open to the public after the fungus was discovered.

You can also read the Center for BioDiversity press release, here.

Photo: Maquoketa Caves State Park, courtesy of Iowa DNR

Checking for White Nose in Florida

The U.S. Forest Service, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the University of Florida have teamed up to conduct a five-day “Bat Blitz” in Apalachicola National Forest in northern Florida to test for white nose syndrome and the general health of the area’s bat population.

Read all the details on the USDA Blog.

Photo credit: U.S. Forest Service photo by Porter Libby.


 

White Nose Syndrome Symposium

The fifth annual symposium on white nose syndrome in bats is taking place in Madison, Wisconsin this week. The sessions have been closed to the public, so this sneak peek comes to you through yesterday’s media conference call and some research on the internet.

The purpose of the conference is to present current white nose syndrome research, particularly epidemiological research, the ecology of Geomyces destructans and insights from Europe, said Ann Froschauer, white nose syndrome communications and outreach coordinator for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and to discuss cave closure policies and other preventive measures.

Today’s the day for state and management issues. There will be presentations on bat hibernacula management by Greg Turner (Pennsylvania Game Commission), Dave Redell (Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources) and Rita Dixon (Idaho Dept. Fish & Game).

This evening there will be breakout sessions for states to discuss bat management issues by region.

No press to link to yet, but we’ll keep an eye out.

Photo of afflicted bat in Great Smoky Mountain National Park, courtesy of US Fish and Wildlife Service

WNS in Gray Bats

The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) announced yesterday that, for the first time, white nose syndrome has been documented in the endangered gray bat.

The USFWS press release says:

“The documented spread of WNS on gray bats is devastating news. This species was well on the road to recovery, and confirmation of the disease is great cause for concern. Because gray bats hibernate together in colonies that number in the hundreds of thousands, WNS could expand exponentially across the range of the species,” said Paul McKenzie, Missouri Endangered Species Coordinator for the Service. “The confirmation of WNS in gray bats is also alarming because guano from the species is an important source of energy for many cave ecosystems and there are numerous cave-adapted species that could be adversely impacted by their loss.”

 

Also according to the release, the afflicted bats were found in Hawkins and Montgomery counties in Tennessee during two separate winter surveillance trips, conducted by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) and The Nature Conservancy (TNC).

Read the USFWS press release here.

Photo: Photos of gray bats with white-nose syndrome from Hawkings and Montgomery counties, Tennessee, courtesy USFWS

 

 

Citizen Science Season: Turtles, Birds, and Disease

avian boultism monitoring volunteerWhere did the turtle cross the road? A citizen scientist has the answer, particularly in Massachusetts, where over the last few years citizen scientists have been tracking turtle crossings as part of the Turtle Roadway Mortality Monitoring Program. Volunteers are trained by Linking Landscapes for Massachusetts Wildlife, a partnership between Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (DFW), Department of Transportation (DOT) Highway Division and the University of Massachusetts-Amherst.

The training will take place next week.

Get more info on Linking Landscapes for Massachusetts Wildlife, here.
Read the press release in iBerkshires.com

Next week is also when Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control wildlife biologist Matthew Bailey will introduce volunteers to monitor the state’s endangered piping plovers and other beach-nesting birds, and protect them from disturbance.

Read more about the training session, here.

There will be lots of training sessions for avian botulism monitors on Lake Michigan, perhaps because avian botulism is no where near as cute as either a piping plover or a turtle and you need to cast a wider net to get people to volunteer. Still, 44 citizen scientists volunteered with the US Geological Survey’s avian botulism monitoring program last year.

Read more about the program, here.

A home-grown citizen science project, the SeaBC Sea Bird Count, which encourages long-distance boaters to observe ocean birds and report them to eBird, took another step recently by creating a poster that can be displayed at marinas or posted on-line.

View or download the poster, here.

Photo: Avian botulism monitoring project volunteer, courtesy of the US Geological Survey